Eventually, the working population crashes because the portion of wealth allocated to them is not enough, followed by collapse of the elites due to the absence of labour. Under this scenario, elites push society toward instability and eventual collapse by hoarding huge quantities of wealth and resources, and leaving little or none for commoners who vastly outnumber them yet support them with labour. That economic stratification may lead to collapse on its own, on the other hand, came as more of a surprise to Motesharrei and his colleagues. What are they, and which, if any, have already begun to surface? It should come as no surprise that humanity is currently on an unsustainable and uncertain path вЂ“ but just how close are we to reaching the point of no return? Putting aside species-ending events like an asteroid strike, nuclear winter or deadly pandemic, history tells us that itвЂ™s usually a plethora of factors that contribute to collapse. Regardless of how well things are going in the present moment, the situation can always change. Such collapses have occurred many times in human history, and no civilisation, no matter how seemingly great, is immune to the vulnerabilities that may lead a society to its end. Should we find no way to get the wheels back in motion, weвЂ™d eventually face total societal collapse. Our world would become an increasingly ugly place, one defined by a scramble over limited resources and a rejection of anyone outside of our immediate group. Should that forward-propelling motion slow or cease, the pillars that define our society вЂ“ democracy, individual liberties, social tolerance and more вЂ“ would begin to teeter. The political economist Benjamin Friedman once compared modern Western society to a stable bicycle whose wheels are kept spinning by economic growth. This story is featured in BBC FutureвЂ™s вЂњBest of 2017вЂќ collection.

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